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  1. Farm Management
  2. Manure & Air Quality
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PMR 1003
Using Manure Nutrients for Crop Production
Manure has characteristics that make nutrient management different and sometimes more complicated than fertilizer. Find out about manure nutrient availability for crops, manure nutrient supply, manure nutrient application recommendations, adjusting for manure nitrogen volatilization, and more.
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CLG 111
Anaerobic Digesters for Renewable Natural Gas
This infographic provides information about how on-farm anaerobic digesters work, common feedstocks for digesters, and the main components of anaerobic digestion systems.
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AEP 302 - 2021
Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference
Proceedings from the 32nd Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference held December 1-2, 2021.
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AE 3550
How to Sample Manure for Nutrient Analysis
A field-by-field nutrient management program requires multiple components to maintain adequate fertility for crop growth and development. A well-designed soil sampling plan, including proper soil test interpretations, along with manure sampling, manure nutrient analysis, equipment calibration, appropriate application rates and application methods are all necessary components of a nutrient management plan. This publication describes how to sample solid, semisolid, and liquid manure.

Previously known as PM 1558.
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AE 3608
Too Much Manure? Can Iowa use all its manure for fertilizer?
What happens to all the manure produced in Iowa? This publication discusses the amount of manure that is generated in the state and how much of it is able to be used to meet the nitrogen and phosphorus needs of the state's farmers.
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AE 3607
Manure: A Valuable Commodity
Animal manure can be a valuable fertilizer and soil amendment, but how valuable is it really? This publication looks at the changes in manure characteristics and how these changes have led to more valuable manure.
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AE 3603
Hydrogen Sulfide Safety - Monitoring
Exposure to hydrogen sulfide, even at low concentrations, can have serious health impacts. With more hydrogen sulfide in manure than there was ten years ago, monitoring the levels of the gas in manure is important. This publication discusses the importance of monitoring and the types of monitors available for purchase.
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AE 3604
Hydrogen Sulfide Safety - Manure Agitation
Staying safe while pit pumping is critical as hydrogen sulfide levels can spike quickly and without warning. This publication discusses how to stay safe during manure agitation.
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AE 3605
Hydrogen Sulfide Safety - Barn Ventilation at Cattle Facilities
Properly ventilating hydrogen sulfide during manure agitation is critical to remove the gas and bring fresh air into a facility. This publication talks about how to set up a ventilation strategy when working with manure.
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AE 3606
Hydrogen Sulfide Safety - Swine Barn Ventilation
This publication discusses the importance of hydrogen sulfide safety when dealing with swine barn ventilation. It provides information on ventilation strategy for both curtain-sided and tunnel-ventilated barns.
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AE 3601A
Calibrating Liquid Tank Manure Applicators
Liquid manure can supply all the nutrients needed to attain optimum crop growth. Knowing how much manure to apply per acre and what nutrients are available and in what quantity, are keys to successfully using manure for crop production.
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AE 3601B
Calibration Worksheet for Liquid Manure Tank Applicators
Liquid manure can supply all the nutrients needed to attain optimum crop growth. Knowing how much manure to apply per acre and what nutrients are available and in what quantity, are keys to successfully using manure for crop production.
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AE 3600
Distribution of Liquid Manure Application
Land application of liquid manure as a nutrient replacement or supplement for crop production is a well-established practice in Iowa. This practice replenishes cropland with nutrients removed by crop harvest. This publication provides tips for improving the performance of a distribution manifold used in the land application of liquid manure.
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DNR 115
DNR Commercial Manure Applicator Certification Fact Sheet: MAC - Manure Applicator Certification
This form provides background information on manure applicator certification including legal issues, training courses, testing, late fees, certificates, requirements, and disciplinary actions.

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DNR 116
DNR Confinement Site Manure Applicator Certification Fact Sheet: MAC - Manure Applicator Certification
DNR's manure applicator certification: includes information on who is affected, becoming certified, maintaining certification, grace period, late fees, manure application, duplicate certificates, certification training courses, testing, training manual, test preparation, requirements for manure application, and disciplinary actions.
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AMPAT 18
Manure Storage & Handling - Manure Additives Overview
A wide range of manure additives exist on the market. This fact sheet focuses on those products that can be added directly to the manure, or fed through the animal to impact manure. While the use of additives can be implemented with little change to the current manure system, typically effectiveness of product ranges all over the place.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 21
Land Application - Application Methods
Land application of manure is an important contributor to the emissions from animal agriculture and has the potential to be a significant source of gases and odors. This fact sheet reviews the effectiveness of different land application methods on reducing emissions and odors.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 11
Animal Housing - Urine and Feces Segregation Overview
The manner in which manure is collected can have an impact on emissions. By segregating liquids and solids, it is possible to increase the nitrogen retention in the liquid portion of the manure thereby reducing ammonia emissions. These systems require handling two waste streams.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 15
Manure Storage & Handling - Anaerobic Digestion Overview
Anaerobic digestion is the process of breaking apart molecules without oxygen. Anaerobic digestion can more effectively control odors and be used to generate heat or electricity.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 16
Manure Storage & Handling - Composting Overview
Composting is a biological process in which microorganisms convert organic material into a soil-like material. Composting, when done correctly can reduce flies, pathogens and weed seed in solid manure sources. It can also reduce odors, but nitrogen loss does occur.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 20
Manure Storage & Handling - Solids Separation Overview
Solid-liquid separation is the partial removal of organic and inorganic solids from animal manures. This separation makes the liquid waste stream easier to handle and increases the life of manure storage by decreasing the build-up and solids. It does create two manure streams, solid and liquid, that need to be managed and land applied.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 13
Manure Storage & Handling - Acidification Overview
Manipulating the pH of the manure alters the balance between ammonia and ammonium. As ammonia is the volatile of these two compounds, reducing the pH to change ammonia to ammonium can be effective at reducing loss of nitrogen. Additionally, ammonia emissions are an environmental and human health concern. Acidification is one strategy to reduce ammonia emissions.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 14
Manure Storage & Handling - Aeration Overview
Aeration is the process of mixing air into the manure to promote the growth of aerobic bacteria. Oxygen must be supplied either naturally, mechanically through mixing, or using oxygen diffusion systems. This technology can provide dramatic odor reduction from livestock waste management facilities, but has not found frequent application in agriculture due to intensive energy use and resulting added utility costs.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 17
Manure Storage & Handling - Impermeable Covers
Impermeable covers can be used to reduce odors and emissions from manure storage or to capture biogas for heat or power generation. Impermeable covers are placed on manure storage structures to create a physical barrier that prevents the transfer of volatile chemical compounds from the manure storage headspace to the atmosphere.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 19
Manure Storages - Permeable Covers
Permeable covers are used to reduce odors and emissions from manure storage structures. Permeable covers are materials such as a natural crust, straw, ground corn stalks, as well as expanded clays, ceramics and ground rubber that lie directly on the surface of the stored manure and provide a physical barrier between the manure and the surrounding air.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 12
Animal Housing - UV Light Overview
UV or Ultraviolet light has been used in water treatment to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pathogens. This mitigation technique has not been fully developed for use in livestock housing, however it does show great potential as a mitigation technique for reduction in VOCs and odor.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 1
Animal Housing - Barriers Overview
Barriers can be used to address dust and odor coming from animal housing. Barriers, or “windbreak walls” are used downwind of fans to reduce forward momentum of airflow, settle out dust particles, and push the exiting plume higher into the atmosphere.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 4
Animal Housing - Dietary Manipulation Overview
This fact sheet features diet manipulation as a management practice to address odor and emissions coming from animal housing and manure storage systems. Reducing nutrients in manure can lead to reductions in emissions. Reducing nutrients in manure is broken into two main areas, nutrient input reduction and nutrient form modification. This fact sheet describes both methods.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 6
Animal Housing - Landscaping Overview
Landscaping or the use of Vegetative Environmental Buffers (VEBs) can be used to manage odors and dust coming from animal housing and manure storage structures. VEBs can impact odors and dust by dilution, dispersion, deposition, and collection of compounds. In addition, VEBs can reduce impacts on neighbors by creating aesthetically pleasing sites.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 10
Animal Housing - Siting Overview
Properly siting an animal housing facility is likely the most important odor control technology that can be implemented. Separation distances, predominate wind direction, exposure angle, and terrain are all important considerations for siting facilities.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 2
Animal Housing - Biofilters Overview
Biofilters are used on mechanically ventilated livestock buildings to treat the ventilation air. A bed of biological material, normally wood chips, is created and the ventilation air flows through the material. Gases are absorbed by cultures of microbes that develop in the bed.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 3
Animal Housing - Chimney Overview
The use of chimneys in animal housing systems can elevate odors and increase dispersion with increased wind speed and air turbulence at higher elevations.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web page at: www.agronext.iastate.edu/ampat
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AMPAT 5
Animal Housing - Electrostatic Precipitation Overview
Electrostatic precipitation can be used to reduce emissions, odor and dust from animal housing. Electrostatic systems work by imparting a negative charge on dust particles, causing them to stick to grounded surfaces such as gates, floors and walls.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 7
Animal Housing - Vegetable Oil Sprinkling Overview
This fact sheet features vegetable oil sprinkling as a management practice to address emissions, odor and dust coming from animal housing. The principal behind vegetable oil sprinkling is that oil is sprayed into the air causing the dust particles to stick to oil droplets and other dust particles, thereby settling to the floor.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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AMPAT 8
Animal Housing - Elimination of Pit Ventilation Overview
Pit ventilation does not function as originally thought and research has shown it does not provide increased air quality for animals. Research also shows it does increase the emission rate from the pit.

This fact sheet is part of the Air Management Practices Assessment Tool (AMPAT) developed at Iowa State University and funded by the National Pork Board. Additional resources can be found on the AMPAT web site.
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PM 3060
Small Feedlot Runoff Management Using Low-Pressure Flood Irrigation
Find out about better management of runoff from small open feedlots using low-pressure flood irrigation. Photos and text show system design, components, and operation. Also contains several other resources for more information.
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PM 3062
Air Quality in Bedded Mono-Slope Beef Barns
Find research data about gas concentrations and dust associated with bedding, ventilation, and manure handling systems in mono-slope barns. Data were gathered from studies conducted in Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota.
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PM 3058
Clean Water Diversion for Open Feedlots
Find out about clean water diversion around small open feedlots through pen location, gutters and downspouts for roof areas, and drainage channels for surface water. Photos, text, and tables present details of various systems.
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PM 3059
Settling Basins for Open Feedlots
Consider various designs for settling basins to manage open feedlot runoff. Text, tables, and photos show design and specifications to handle various runoff velocity and storage capacity. Also looks at cleaning access, basin outlets, and other parts of the effluent management system.
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PM 1872
Manure Management Resources for Beef and Dairy Operations
Contact information for various government and non-government agencies involved in manure management.
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PM 3019
Small Open Lot Dairies in Iowa -- a producer guide
Find ways to better manage dairy feedlot manure and runoff and assess environmental impact. Includes practices that help you manage manure nutrients while protecting water quality. Explains how state and federal regulations apply to open feedlots and gives sources for technical assistance.
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PM 3018
Small Open Beef Feedlots in Iowa -- a producer guide
Find ways to better manage feedlot manure and runoff and assess environmental impact. Includes practices that manage manure nutrients while protecting water quality.

Explains how state and federal regulations apply to open feedlots and gives sources for technical assistance.
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PM 3014
How to Interpret Your Manure Nutrient Analysis
A manure sample analysis that indicates manure nutrient concentrations can help define application rates and increase the potential as a crop nutrient source. Learn how frequently to sample, what testing to request and how to use analysis results in a manure nutrient management plan.
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PM 1941
Calibration and Uniformity of Solid Manure Spreaders
This publication outlines how to calibrate dry manure equipment and measure the manure distribution uniformity, and shares results of ISU Extension research comparing rear- and side-delivery spreaders.
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PM 2021
Data Collection Worksheet for RUSLE2 and Iowa Phosphorous Index
This worksheet provides guidelines for using the computer program RUSLE2 (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation 2) and for calculating the Iowa Phosphorous Index. These are needed in nutrient management and conservation planning.
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PM 1993
10 Questions About the Phosphorus (P) Index in Iowa -- Solutions for Open Feedlot Operators
Find out details for phosphorus management to keep P out of Iowa lakes and streams.
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MWPS 36
Rectangular Concrete Manure Storages
Rectangular Concrete Manure Storages is written primarily for designers and builders, but owners and inspectors will find it useful.

This reference is not intended as a code or standard. It is intended to help designers interpret the codes and standards that influence the design of in-ground rectangular concrete manure storages, and present best construction practices for these structures.

Lots of tables, figures, and equations that allow adjustment and expansion of designs described.
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PM 1990
Instruments for Measuring Concentrations and Emission Rates of Gases and Particulates From Animal Feeding Operations
Descriptions of the operational characteristics of ten commonly used instruments for measuring gases and particulates.
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PM 1963D
Principles of Odor Control -- The Science of Smell Part 4
Understanding the principles behind effective livestock odor control strategies can help producers decide what to do.
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PM 1963C
Odor Detection and Measurement -- The Science of Smell Part 3
Odor measurement is complicated. Find out about dilution-to-threshold methods, which currently are the most widely accepted.
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PM 1963A
Odor Perception and Physiological Response -- The Science of Smell Part 1
Understanding our human sense of smell can help explain why controlling livestock ordors is a challenge.
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PM 1963B
Odor Chemistry -- The Science of Smell Part 2
More than 75 odorous compounds have been identified in livestock manures. Knowing odor chemistry is helpful to design and manage manure systems and avoid nuisance complaints.
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PM 1964
Odor Control Methods Used By Iowa Pork Producers
Summary report of baseline research done in 2002, published in 2004. Twenty different odor control technologies and producer satisfaction levels are described. Methods of improving neighbor relations also are reported.
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MWPS 18 SECT 1
Manure Characteristics - Manure Management System Series
Manure Characteristics is Section 1 of the Manure Management Systems Series.

This publication explains how to
  • Handle manure in liquid, slurry, semisolid, and solid state
  • How to sample, test, and identify content relevant to disposal or land application.
  • Make a manure sampler
Illustrations. Tables. Examples of problem solving. A worksheet for calculating excreted nutrients based on feed rations.
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PM 1946
Best Environmental Management Practices for Open Feedlots -- Solutions for Open Feedlot Operators
Checklist and discussion for best management practices for open feedlots to minimize impact on nearby soil, water, and air.
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EDC 162H
Air Quality and Animal Agriculture
This four-page publication documents past and current research efforts in air quality studies at Iowa State University. The publication also outlines plans for future air quality initiatives.
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PM 1931
Solutions For Open Feedlot Operators: Developing Whole-Farm Nutrient Plans for Feedlots
Step-by-step guide to match nutrient needs with nutrient production.
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PM 1935
Gaseous Emissions from Animal Agriculture
An overview of the farm emissions problem, plus suggested resources discussing current research and information on air quality and animal agriculture.
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DNR 117
High Quality Water Resources
This list was developed to assist manure applicators and applicants for a confinement feeding operation construction permit.

The PDF is available from the Iowa DNR.
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PM 1919
Vegetative Filter Strips for Open Feedlot Runoff Treatment -- Solutions for Open Feedlot Operators
Properly designed and maintained vegetative filter strips provide excellent removal of feedlot runoff contaminants. Find out the research and design details.
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MWPS 18 SECT 3
Outdoor Air Quality (Livestock Manure) - Manure Management System Series
Outdoor Air Quality is Section 3 of the Manure Management Systems Series. It clearly explains causes and management of manure odor.

Topics include
  • Odor sources, movement, and measurement
  • Minimizing and treating odor in buildings
  • Managing open-lot dust and odor
  • Treating manure storage facility odor
  • Managing odor during land application
Also featured are six equations, five problem-solving examples, 41 illustrations, 14 tables, seven appendixes, a glossary, and references.
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MWPS 18 SECT 2
Manures Storages - Manure Management System Series
Manure Storages is Section 2 of the Manure Management Systems Series.

Topics include
  • Selection of facility type
  • Site choice and preparation
  • Facility sizing and runoff control
  • Earthen impoundment construction
  • Facility monitoring and management
  • Proper procedures for abandoning and closing an earthen storage facility
  • Principles of good stewardship and good management
  • Plus sound design and construction practices are emphasized throughout.
Nine equations; 31 illustrations; 23 tables; 18 problem-solving examples; and four appendixes of maps, worksheets, forms, and facility capacity data complete the thorough discussion.
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AE 3301
New Weight Restrictions for Manure Hauling Equipment
Overview of updates for farm equipment weight restrictions. Includes weight restrictions with explanations.
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TR 9
Circular Concrete Manure Tanks
Illustrations, an example of a design solution, and a record for design decisions complete the resource. TR-9 is based on ACI-318 (Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete).

Please note that Circular Concrete Manure Tanks has not been updated to the latest ACI standards.
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MWPS 37
Designing Facilities for Fertilizer and Pesticide Containment
This handbook emphasizes planning and designing pesticide and fertilizer containment facilities and provides engineering and planning information.

Topics:
  • Regulations
  • Site selection
  • Functional system design
  • Pesticide and fertilizer storage
  • Secondary containment
  • Mixing/loading facilities and equipment
  • Worker safety
  • Concrete
  • Remodeling facilities
  • Emergency planning
  • Waste disposal
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MWPS 18
Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook
This handbook emphasizes waste facilities planning and design.

Topics include:
  • Waste Disposal Overview
  • Animal Waste Characteristics
  • Collection and Transport to Storage
  • Handling Open Lot Waste
  • Liquid-Solid Separation
  • Manure Storage
  • Biological Treatment
  • Pumps
  • Land Application Techniques
  • Animal Waste Utilization
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