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  1. Crops
  2. Soil Management and Fertility
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CROP 3180
Understanding and Managing Soil Compaction
Soil compaction occurs when soil aggregates and particles are compressed into a smaller soil volume. excessively compacted soil results in problems such as poor root penetration, decreased soil aeration from larger macropores, reduced rainfall infiltration and increased runoff. This publication covers best practices for managing soil compaction.
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PM 1688
A General Guide for Crop Nutrient and Limestone Recommendations in Iowa
Find phosphorus and potassium recommendations, micronutrient recommendations, and limestone recommendations for soils.

Also find soil test procedures and categories
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HORT 3120
An Introduction to Biochar and its Potential Uses
Biochar is a black charcoal material produced from biomass with a process called pyrolysis. Biochar is manufactured for use as a soil amendment instead of a fuel for cooking.

This publication discusses research and the benefits of using biochar in soil.
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FS 61
FSMA Compliant On-Farm Thermophilic Composting: A Safe Way to Enrich the Soil
Composting is a beneficial approach to convert organic waste into a valuable soil amendment. This factsheet discusses the validated biological decomposition process that is laid out in the FSMA Produce Safety Rule. Following these best practices will reduce your food safety risk when utilizing compost. The majority of standards related to soil amendments can be found within the Food Safety Modernization Act’s Subpart F: Standards Directed to Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin and Human Waste.
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ID 433
Midwest Cover Crops Field Guide 3rd Edition
The updated and expanded edition of this popular, 162-page guide includes nearly 30 pages of new material, including cover crop suggestions for common rotations, up-and-coming cover crop species, effects on yields, climate considerations, and more.

Producers who want to prevent soil erosion, improve nutrient cycling, sustain their soils, and protect the environment have been returning to a very old practice: planting cover crops.

Although farmers have been using cover crops for centuries, today's producers are part of a generation that has little experience with them. As they rediscover the role that cover crops can play in sustainable farming systems, many growers find they lack the experience and information necessary to take advantage of all the potential benefits cover crops can offer. That inexperience can lead to costly mistakes.

This guide will help you effectively select, grow, and use cover crops in your farming systems. While this guide isn't the final word on cover crops, it is meant to be a useful reference.

Available for purchase through Purdue University.
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WL 17K
Geological Places to Visit - Iowa's Nature Series
One of the best ways to learn about and appreciate the landforms and geology of Iowa is to get outside and visit the rocks, sediments, and landscapes in person. While some of Iowa’s most interesting geological features can’t be seen at the surface, many interesting features can be explored up close in Iowa’s state and county parks, refuges, and recreation areas. This resource is a supplement to WL 17A - Iowa's Landforms and Geology to be used as a guide to some of the best sites around the state where visitors can explore more than a billion years of Iowa’s geological history as told in rocks and landforms.

The Iowa’s Nature series was a collaborative project between Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, the Iowa Association of Naturalists, and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources with support from the Resource Enhancement and Protection Program. To learn more about the project, visit https://naturalresources.extension.iastate.edu/Iowas-Nature
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WL 17A
Landforms and Geology - Iowa's Nature Series
From ocean-front property to spruce forest to today's rich organic prairie soils, Iowa's geological past is a fascinating story that can be told through careful inspection of the land beneath our feet. This article explores the long-view history of Iowa's landscapes and explains how the hills and valleys we call home were formed over millennia. To learn more about Iowa's Landforms and Geology, download the supplement article WL 17K - Geological Places to Visit.

The Iowa’s Nature series was a collaborative project between Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, the Iowa Association of Naturalists, and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources with support from the Resource Enhancement and Protection Program. To learn more about the project, visit https://naturalresources.extension.iastate.edu/Iowas-Nature
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CROP 3168B
Iowa Soil Judging Score Card
Soil judging consists of evaluating certain properties of a soil and interpreting these evaluations for land use recommendations. This score card provides space for recording both the choices made and the scores earned by the contestants in soil judging contests.

Previously know as PM 1107.
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WL 17B
Soils - Iowa's Nature Series
It is widely accepted that Iowa's soils are some of the richest and most productive in the world. But how and why? This article explores those rich soils, how they form, how scientists describe and classify them, and the conservation challenges they face.

The Iowa’s Nature series was a collaborative project between Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, the Iowa Association of Naturalists, and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources with support from the Resource Enhancement and Protection Program. To learn more about the project, visit https://naturalresources.extension.iastate.edu/Iowas-Nature
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CROP 3168A
Soil Judging in Iowa
Soil judging consists of evaluating certain properties of a soil and translating these evaluations into recommendations for land use. This booklet is a guide for making these evaluations and interpretations.

Previously known as PM 1106.
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SF 1978
Effectiveness of Using Low Rates of Plant Nutrients
Although some producers may think about using low rates of fertilizer to reduce input costs, this can adversely affect yields if soil fertility drops below optimal levels. Read about the research to help your decision-making.

Available from North Dakota State University.

Replaces NCR 0341.
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CROP 3154
Use of the End-of-Season Corn Stalk Nitrate Test in Iowa Corn Production
A comprehensive update of PM 1584 (Cornstalk Testing to Evaluate Nitrogen Management). This new publication details how to use the end-of-season plant test to provide information on nitrogen supply to corn for the season that just ended. It details how to sample and interpret test results in order to make more informed nitrogen application decisions.
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CROP 3153
Phosphorus and Potassium Tissue Testing in Corn and Soybean
Interest in the use of tissue testing for phosphorus and potassium fertility diagnostics in corn and soybean has increased in recent years. However, to date there has been no phosphorus and potassium tissue test interpretations published by Iowa State University. This publication provides the first interpretation guidelines for using tissue testing for these nutrients in corn and soybean.
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CROP 3073
Nitrogen Use in Iowa Corn Production
Nitrogen is essential for growth and reproduction of crops and is involved in many important plant biochemical processes. Nitrogen management is critical for optimal yields for corn production systems. This publication discusses long-term research done in Iowa and shows corn yields average about 60 bu/acre for continuous corn and 115 bu/acre for corn following soybean when corn is not fertilized. However, corn fertilized with N will easily yield 200 bu/acre or more. This means soil management and nitrogen fertilization practices, such as using economical optimum N rates, should be used to help optimize crop yields, use N efficiently, and enhance water quality.

The regional Corn Nitrogen Rate Calculator website, which has been helping farmers determine profitable nitrogen rates since 2005, can be found at: cnrc.agron.iastate.edu. This tool provides a process to calculate economic return to N application with different nitrogen and corn prices and to find profitable N rates directly from recent N rate research data. Using the Maximum Return to Nitrogen concept within the calculator helps farmers implement the most economical nitrogen rate inputs, which helps moderate water quality issues.
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CROP 3135
Micronutrients for Soybean Production in the North Central Region
Micronutrients are needed in very small quantities by plants but are essential for growth and production.

This publication is intended to be a resource for farmers and crop advisers of the North Central Region regarding micronutrient use in soybean production. Its purpose is to discuss issues and provide information on micronutrients requirements by soybean, factors that influence their utilization, and the value of soil and plant tissue testing to complement information and recommendations provided in specific extension publications in the different states of the region.
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CROP 3089A
Iowa Soil Health Field Guide
This soil health field guide provides information about soil health and its importance to sustainable agriculture systems. The research-based information in this soil health guide highlights the relationships between soil characteristics in an easy to understand format that is useful to farmers, agronomists, agricultural consultants, soil scientists, technical service providers, and extension educators. This soil health field guide is the product of the collaborative efforts of Iowa State University and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in Iowa.
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CROP 3089B
Iowa Soil Health Assessment Card
This card is for field assessment and evaluation of soil health indicators as part of the Iowa Soil Health Field Guide. The rating descriptions for each indicator presented on the score card represent the worst and best soil conditions at the time of evaluation.

As the ISHAC is used over time, the impact of different management systems can be documented.

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CROP 3140
Use of the Late-Spring Soil Nitrate Test in Iowa Corn Production
This publication replaces all earlier guidelines for use of the late-spring soil nitrate test and nitrogen application suggestions based on test results.

Overall guidelines for nitrogen applications rates and use in Iowa corn production are found in publication CROP 3073 - Nitrogen Use in Iowa Corn Production.
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CROP 3108
Take a Good Soil Sample to Help Make Good Fertilization Decisions
Learn more about the most important step in soil testing to make fertilization decisions for FIELD CROPS - collecting the soil sample. Includes information on materials needed, when to sample, how to select a sample area, how often to sample and much more.

Previously known as PM 0287.
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HORT 3063
Suggested soil micronutrient levels and sampling procedures for vegetable crops
Although needed in very small amounts, micronutrients have an important role to play in plant growth and development. Most of them are involved in enzymatic reactions that are essential for plant survival such as photosynthesis and respiration. This publication highlights the major roles, deficiencies, and toxicity symptoms of micronutrients in plants and provides an understanding of the interactions between micronutrients in the soil.
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CROP 3090B
Building Soil Health
This soil health management publication provides an overview about soil functions and services that are essential for sustainable agriculture systems. The research-based information in this publication highlights the relationships between soil properties that are easy to understand and useful to all, including farmers, agronomists, agricultural consultants, soil scientists, technical service providers, and extension educators.

This publication is the product of the collaborative efforts of Iowa State University and the Department of Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in Iowa.
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CROP 3090A
Iowa Soil Health Management Manual
This soil health management manual provides information about soil functions and services that are essential for sustainable agriculture systems. The research-based information in this soil health management manual highlights the relationships between soil properties that are easy to understand and useful to all, including farmers, agronomists, agricultural consultants, soil scientists, technical service providers, and extension educators. The soil health management manual has four sections and is the product of the collaborative efforts of Iowa State University and the Department of Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in Iowa.

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HORT 3030
Conservation Techniques for Vegetable Production: Combining Strip-Tillage and Cover Crops
Strip-tillage is when a crop is planted into narrow, tilled strips and the non-tilled area between the strips might contain residue from the previous season's main crop or a living or dead cover crop.

Combining strip-tillage and cover crops offers various benefits including minimal soil erosion, maintains soil moisture and weed suppression. This publication provides basic information on using a strip-tillage system with rolled cover crops as a conservation best management practice in vegetable production systems such broccoli, peppers, pumpkins, squash and tomatoes.
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CROP 3072
Sulfur Management for Iowa Crop Production
Summary of statewide evaluation in Iowa of alfalfa and corn yield response to applied sulfur fertilizers. On-farm, small-plot and field-length strip trial yield response data presented from 2005-2013.
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CROP 3071
Soil-Test Results Summaries 2006-2010
The Iowa State University Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Laboratory received soil samples submitted by Iowa farmers from different counties statewide during January 2006 to December 2010.

Select soil-test results are summarized by county for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn) and acidity levels (pH).
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CROP 3074
On-Farm Study Researches Novozymes Fermentation Spent Residuals
The Novozymes enzyme-manufacturing facility in Blair, Nebraska, produces enzymes through aerobic fermentation of non-pathogenic and non-toxigenic microorganisms. The process generates a solid byproduct consisting of lime-stabilized spent microbial biomass.

This publication discusses the research to evaluate the potential agricultural use of the byproduct.
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PM 3050
Industrial Corn Stover Harvest
Stakeholders in the corn stover supply chain will have to prepare for variations at harvest in stover moisture, field conditions, equipment operations, and after-harvest storage issues. This publication explains how, if managed improperly, these factors can all lead to poor baled stover quality.
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PM 3051A
Corn Stover Harvesting Machinery
Industrial corn stover production includes windrowing, baling, and bale collection. This publication details the basic machinery systems used in the harvesting process.
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PM 3051H
Productivity of Corn Stover Bale Handling Systems
Moving corn stover bales can create transportation and handling challenges. This publication summarizes current technology and recommendations for eliminating system inefficiencies.
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PM 3051I
Sample Size Determination for Corn Stover Assessment
Accurate assessment of corn stover feedstock quality is a key issue for suppliers and end users. This publication addresses the impact of sample size on the accurate measurement of feedstock properties.
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PM 3051J
Field and Bale-level Moisture Content Variability
Knowing the moisture content of biomass is critical to preventing its microbial degradation. This publication addresses how making appropriate storage decisions can help producers and end users manage moisture variability and maintain good quality in feedstock.
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PM 3051K
Nutrient Removal from Corn Stover Harvesting
Nutrient removal during harvest is a key consideration in determining corn stover value. The publication summarizes results of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium concentration tests in corn stover biomass harvested in central Iowa.
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PM 3051M
Methods for Rapid Moisture Analysis
Rapid testing of moisture content is important for commercial scale corn stover production and processing. This publication summarizes the results of two rapid moisture analyzers.
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PM 3052A
Managing Crop Residue Removal and Soil Quality Changes
Significant, short-term effects of residue removal on soil physical properties can take place with residue management or removal. The adoption of no-till may offset some of these effects.
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PM 3052B
Managing Crop Residue Removal and Soil Organic Matter
Following proper management practices is important when considering residue removal. When making removal decisions, keep in mind the adverse impact on soil productivity and environmental quality over the long-term.
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PM 3052C
Nutrient Considerations with Corn Stover Harvest
Weigh the relationships between corn stover harvest (as compared to grain only harvest) with the research presented in this publication.

Make informed decisions about using stover harvest for bioenergy and using corn residue for soil sustainability. Find corn N, P, and K fertilization recommendations needed to maintain desirable soil-test values.
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PM 3052D
Consider the Possibility of Reduced Tillage after Biomass Harvest
Find options for handling the increased cornstalk residue that results from increased corn grain yields. Options such as aggressive tillage, no-till, strip-till, and removal of harvested corn stover are examined according to various economic and environmental factors.
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PM 3053A
Issues with Stover Removal on Rented Land
Know the points to discuss on issues with corn stover removal on rented land. Points covered include ownership of stover, dispersal of increased revenue, and maintenance of soil quality and fertility. Includes references to the Iowa code.
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PM 3053B
Economics of Harvesting and Transporting Corn Stover
Consider the economic factors involved when deciding to harvest corn stover. Includes estimated costs involved in windrowing, baling, collecting/handling, and transporting. Also includes custom rates from the 2013 Iowa Farm Custom Rate Survey.
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PM 3053C
Estimating a Value for Corn Stover
Compare the value of harvested corn stover as a winter feed for beef cattle with the feedstocks it would replace. Also consider its value as bedding for livestock. Find information about price per bale and per ton. Includes information on market value when harvested, price for unharvested cornstalks, and price for grazing corn stover.
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PM 3051B
Corn Stover Harvest Window
Gain insight into managing corn stover harvesting teams to fit the limited harvest window in Iowa. Includes average harvesting span (27 working days) based on USDA corn harvest date for Iowa. Also gives average hours per day of sunlight, which affects productivity of baler teams.
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PM 3051C
Single-pass Harvesting Technologies
Single-pass corn stover harvesting offers unique quality and cost advantages. This publication details key performance metrics of this harvesting method.
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PM 3051D
Corn Stover Storage Methods
Storage is a critical factor for corn stover and other biomass feedstocks. This publication details considerations for selecting an appropriate storage system.
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PM 3051E
Corn Stover Storage Losses
Consider storage losses as a part of supplying corn stover to a biorefinery over an extended period. Gives typical storage losses for bales stored under various conditions. Also projects varying internal temperature range of stacks and offers best storage solutions to preserve product.
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PM 3051F
Fire Risk in Corn Stover Storage
Know the fire risks when stacking bales of corn stover. Gives insight into storage location and design, and ways to navigate local fire codes and safety regulations. Includes best practices for siting storage facilities.
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PM 3051G
Transporting Biomass on Iowa Roadways
Several Iowa laws govern the commercial hauling of corn stover and other biomass feedstocks. This publication details the legal requirements, hauling configurations, local dimension restrictions, and weight restrictions on Iowa roadways.
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PM 3051L
Corn Stover Ash
Ash content of corn stover is a major quality factor for biorefineries. This publication summarizes the types of ash and how they are affected by different harvesting methods.
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PM 1168
Corn Suitability Ratings -- An Index to Soil Productivity
Corn Suitability Rating (CSR) is an index procedure developed in Iowa to rate each different kind of soil for its potential row-crop productivity. The CSR can be used to rate one soil’s potential yield production against another over a period of time.
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IPM 42
Nutrient Deficiencies and Application Injuries in Field Crops -- Integrated Pest Management
Color photos and descriptions aid in identifying nutrient deficiencies and injury due to fertilizer in order to accurately diagnose symptoms for corn, soybeans, alfalfa, and winter wheat.

More information and photos are available at the ISU Soil Fertility Home Page
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CRP 11
Converting CRP Land to Pasture - Managing Weeds and Fertility | Conservation Reserve Program: Issues and Options
Suggestions for taking care of weed and brush problems on CRP land before beginning a grazing system. Good grazing management will help maintain fertility and reduce further weed problems.
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PM 1901E
Soil Erosion and Water Quality -- Resource Conservation Practices
Soil erosion by water and the impact of sediment-attached nutrients on lakes and streams creates problems for both agricultural land and water quality. Learn more about this topic along with conservation and best management practices.
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PM 1901F
Conservation Buffers and Water Quality -- Resource Conservation Practices
Buffers are designed to intercept sediment and nutrients and reduce soil erosion; they also help enhance air and water quality and fish and wildlife habitats. Learn how to understand, manage, and maintain conservation buffers.
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PM 1901D
Considerations in Selecting No-Till -- Resource Conservation Practices
Consider the advantages of a no-till system. This publication looks at weed control, residue management, equipment requirements, nutrient management and the results of yield and economic return studies.
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PMR 1002
A Targeted Conservation Approach for Improving Environmental Quality
Find out how targeted conservation practices can have the most impact on environmental quality while causing only a small change in overall agricultural production. Environmental benefits are discussed related to clean air and water, productive soils, diverse wildlife and plant habitat, and biological controls for crop protection.
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PM 1870
Soil Erosion, Crop Productivity and Cultural Practices
Research details on soil management effects on yield on sloped areas.
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PM 1901C
Consider the Strip-Tillage Alternative -- Resource Conservation Practices
Strip-tillage is an alternative to no-till in areas where poorly drained soils are dominant. Read about comparisons of strip-tillage to other tillage systems and the benefits and possible concerns.
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SA 13
Soil Fertility Management Strategies - Philosophies, Crop Response and Costs -- Sustainable Agriculture
Results of a three-year study of side-by-side research plots to evaluate two different fertility management strategies (sufficient level of available nutrients and cation ratio).
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PM 2021
Data Collection Worksheet for RUSLE2 and Iowa Phosphorous Index
This worksheet provides guidelines for using the computer program RUSLE2 (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation 2) and for calculating the Iowa Phosphorous Index. These are needed in nutrient management and conservation planning.
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SF 1321
Effectiveness of Gypsum in the North-central Region of the U.S.
Find out about the specific, limited ways gypsum can be used effectively as a soil amendment in the North Central Region of the U.S.
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PM 2027
Iowa Soil Quality Card
Provides a method and details for a qualitative assessment of soil function and evaluation ratings.
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CRP 5
Applying Fertilizer and Lime to CRP Land | Conservation Reserve Program: Issues and Options
Sample and test soil to determine how much fertilizer, manure, and lime to apply to meet crop needs when converting land in CRP to crop production.
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CRP 18
Planting Corn or Soybeans into CRP Sod Ground | Conservation Reserve Program: Issues and Options
Get the details on planting corn or soybeans into CRP sod ground. Soybeans may offer fewer problems than corn.
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PM 1901H
Tillage, Manure Management, and Water Quality -- Resources Conservation Practices
Tillage and manure application practices significantly impact surface and ground water quality in Iowa. Learn how tillage and manure management affect soil erosion and considerations for nitrogen and phosphorus use.
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PM 1901I
Tillage Management and Soil Organic Matter -- Resources Conservation Practices
It has been well documented that increased tillage can reduce soil organic matter in topsoil. Learn what soil organic matter is; the importance of surface residue, tillage effect, and quality conservation systems; and the benefits of organic matter for improving soil quality.
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RP 187
Agricultural Phosphorus Management and Water Quality Protection in the Midwest (EPA Region 7)
For nutrient management planners -- to understand the risk of phosphorus in surface waters and to manage this risk. Targeted for Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska.
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PM 1901G
Manure and Tillage Management -- Resource Conservation Practices
Adopting best management practices throughout an operation must take into consideration both manure application and tillage management.
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PM 1882
Soil Quality in Organic Agricultural Systems
Building and maintaining soil quality is the basis for successful organic farming. Topics of crop rotations, soil amendments, soil health, carbon sequestration, organic agriculture philosophies, and relevant related field research are included.
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PM 1901A
Residue Management and Cultural Practices -- Resource Conservation Practices
High crop residue levels translate directly into soil conservation benefits. Includes what affects crop residue and four methods of measuring it.
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PM 1901B
Understanding and Managing Soil Compaction -- Resource Conservation Practices
Excessively compacted soil can result in many problems including a reduced yield and an increase in horsepower and fuel necessary for tillage. Learn more about this problem as well as ways to reduce soil compaction.
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PM 1875
Improving the Uniformity of Anhydrous Ammonia Application
Learn ways to reduce application inefficiencies of anhydrous ammonia.
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PM 1871
Impact of Tillage Crop Rotation Systems on Soil Carbon Sequestration
Report on the relationship between current agricultural practices and the carbon cycle.
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NCMR 348
Soil Sampling for Variable Rate Fertilizer and Lime Application
This booklet contains information about grid and zone soil sampling, variation in soil test values over time, sampling strategies for both grid cells and zones, and considerations for conservation tillage.

Available from the University of Minnesota.
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MWPS 45
Conservation Tillage Systems and Management
Crop Residue Management with No-till, Ridge-till, Mulch-till, and Strip-till

This resource book is filled with a wealth of information relating to conservation tillage systems and how to manage them. Helpful to producers who are investigating conservation tillage – contemplating its long-range issues – and looking for assistance for selecting equipment.

Topics include:
  • Tillage benefits and tillage system definitions
  • Wind and water erosion
  • Crop residue and irrigation water management
  • Residue management oat harvest
  • Estimating residue cover
  • Crop response to tillage systems
  • Costs and returns
  • Soil compaction
  • Controlled traffic
  • Water quality
  • Converting CRP to crop production
  • Integrated crop management
  • Cover crop management in cotton
  • Nutrient and weed management
  • Insect and disease management
  • Rodent damage control
  • Site-specific crop management
  • Tillage system selection and equipment descriptions
  • Fall strip-tillage systems
  • No-till and ridge-till planting equipment
  • No-till drills
  • Crop cultivators
  • Pesticide application equipment
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NCR 533
Soil Cation Ratios for Crop Production
This 1994 publication provides basic information on cation ratios, their history and early development, cation ratios in soil, and cation ratios in crop production.

This information is available on the University of Minnesota Extension Nutrient Management website.
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AE 3055
Cultivators for No-Till and Ridge-Till -- Conservation Tillage
Get information on no-till and ridge-till equipment and management tips.
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